“Throughout the province of Nor Caranges we notice the damage that the mine brings to the environment and our health. The headwaters of the River Sallala have dried up. For generations we have been raising llamas. It’s our livelihood. However, if the water disappears … water is health, water is life. We are very worried about our future, and we are not making a penny of profits.”
With this moving speech, Wálter Gutiérrez Calle from Andapata, a community in the Bolivian department of Oruro, wants to draw attention to the problems his people are beginning to suffer due to copper mining. He has been invited by various environmental organizations to a symposium in Cochabamba on human rights, multinational companies and the Chinese hegemony, to talk about the expansion of Chinese mining in Latin America.
Choquecota municipality, where Wálter is from, is an isolated area in the west of Bolivia, not far from the border with Chile. The inhabitants of Choquecota are natives of Suyu J’acha Carangas. This ethnic group is engaged in small-scale farming and livestock rearing. Llamas provide the largest source of income for communities living in the inhospitable altiplano.
“The local population is being pressured. They tell them that they have to decide soon if they are in favor of mining. But the population has no prior knowledge.”
A few years ago the power of Chinese capital permeated the region and threatened the traditional way of life. The mining company D-Copper S.A started its copper mining operations 5 years ago. Now it wants to open a second mine on the border of the Turco and Choquecota districts. It is a Bolivian company, though 70% of the investments come from Chinese donors.
Hidden Chinese mining operations
The region is already accustomed to small-scale mining, but has never seen industrial mining on the scale carried out by D-Cobre S.A. The first project, Cuprita, covers about 500 hectares. The creation of the second mine adds another 900 hectares, near the commune of Andapata, where Walter lives.
Until recently, the villagers were not even aware of the mining activities of D-Copper S.A in their region. Many of them first learned of the large-scale mining six months ago. This was when the consultation process with the local population was initiated. According to the law, the company needs to pass this consultation process before being able to open a new mine.
Victoria, a young environmental activist from the region, explained in an interview the origin of the consultation. The mining company that was introduced into the region in 2012 worked in secret. “Nobody knew,” she said. “The information was not publicly available and permission was never sort.”
In 2014 a new law was adopted that required companies to consult the local population before starting new operations. “However, this law does not apply to concessions already granted in previous years,” Victoria added. “These can no longer be undone.”
It is an isolated region and there are no independent organizations that observe the social and environmental impact of mining projects. Consequently, companies in Choquecota can continue their activities without bother.
The preliminary consultation on the expansion of the project with Cuprita Two, a second open pit copper mine, was organized in Andapata, where Victoria is from. She explained that the company takes advantage of the communities’ lack of knowledge about the consequences of mining.
“The local population is being pressured. They tell them that they have to decide soon if they are in favor of mining. But the population has no prior knowledge,” she said. “The project has never been discussed in detail and they have not been informed about the negative effects it may have on the environment. In this way they try to deceive them at the time of consultations.”
Water scarcity and pollution
Open-pit metal mining by definition has a negative impact on the natural environment because the surface is removed using explosives, resulting in a deep pit. In addition, sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid is used in the copper recovery process. These are chemical and poisonous substances that bind the metal particles as a magnet. Often the contaminated water is not stored properly to reduce costs. If cracks arise in the dam, the acids and heavy metals reach high concentrations in the groundwater. This is life-threatening to humans, animals and the natural environment. Biodiversity in the area decreases, agriculture becomes impossible and there are major health risks to local communities.
In his speech, Walter also spoke about the drying up of water resources. As a result of global warming, glaciers in the Andes are melting rapidly. During the dry season, Bolivians in the Altiplano are highly dependent on the meltwater from these glaciers.
At the end of last year, which was the driest in Bolivia in the last 25 years, thousands of residents of La Paz protested against the water shortage. Of the little water that is left, much is used in the mining industry. Every day 10,000 cubic meters of water is used in mining. That is twice the amount of water used every day by the inhabitants of La Paz.
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The great Lago Popoó, located to the south of Oruro, near Choquecota, has already dried up completely. This is due to climate change, but also to the mining industry in the area, where a lot of water is used. There is little talk in Bolivia about mining as one of the main causes of water scarcity, and it has not been recognized as a cause of water conflict by the Bolivian administration, which collaborates with mining companies.
Green light to expansion despite vote against it
Victoria, together with activists of the WasiPacha collective, organized a workshop in Andapata to inform the local community about the consequences of copper mining and the rights of Indigenous communities. They hoped that this workshop would strengthen the position of the villagers during the consultation process.
The workshop appeared to achieve results. During the last consultation meeting, the community definitively rejected the project. “We reject the implementation of mining projects due to the ecological, social, cultural and religious damage that it can cause,” the community stated in a resolution.
Despite the fact that several communities voted against the project during the consultation, it became clear at the beginning of October that the expansion of the copper mine was being approved by the Ministry of Mining. Under the mining law of 2014, the outcome of mandatory consultations does not determine the final decision. The consultation process just becomes simply a formality that the mining companies have to comply with to inform the communities.
One can question what the point of a consultation is if the outcome is not binding. The Ministry of Mining always has the last word and will protect the interests of the mining industry in almost all cases. The Bolivian government has strong links with the extractive industry, since the Bolivian development model is based on this.
Chinese expansion in Latin America
The environmental problems encountered by the Suyu J’acha Carangas communities in the face of Chinese mining and the violation of their rights by companies are not unique. In recent years, Latin America has become an increasingly important destination for Chinese investors.
China’s expansion in the continent is spreading more and more rapidly, focused particularly on sectors that have a negative impact on the environment: oil, mining and agro-industry. In Peru, Chinese companies control more than 40 percent of mining projects. In Ecuador, Chinese companies are active in oil exploitation in the Amazon. Such projects cause social and ecological damage and create many conflicts.
One of the conclusions of the Cochabamba Symposium was that the Bolivian government is making it increasingly attractive for Chinese companies to extract raw materials in the country and that they increasingly dominate the mining sector.
In the West however, we have a responsibility for the abuses surrounding copper mining. Copper is a relatively inexpensive raw material used for electrifying cars, telecommunications networks and computers. It is the main mineral extracted by Chinese companies in Latin America, primarily for the Chinese production of electronics, of which the EU is a major purchaser.
Translated by Jamie Bajer.
This article was reprinted from Catapa with permission.
